Subject: Free Pint No.29 - Cookies, Copyright and Linking Free Pint "Helping 18,500 people use the Web for their work" http://www.freepint.co.uk/ ISSN 1460-7239 7 January 1999 #29 > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = IN THIS ISSUE EDITORIAL TIPS AND TECHNIQUES "Understanding 'cookies' on the Web" by Jonathan Eaton FEATURE ARTICLE "Internet, copyright and linking" by Charles Oppenheim FREE PINT FEEDBACK "Email notification for TV programmes" "Various interesting sites" "Year 2000" "Data Protection & Authority Figures" "Public libraries using porn filters on the Web" "Web site promotion" "Feedback on Free Pint" CONTACT INFORMATION ONLINE VERSION WITH ACTIVATED HYPERLINKS http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/070199.htm > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = QUICKDOMAINS - YOUR PERSONAL DOMAIN NAME FOR ONLY $50 + NIC FEES QuickDomains is dedicated to providing the best, simplest and cheapest Domain Name registration service on the planet. Set up a Domain Name in minutes at http://www.quickdomains.com/ and use your personal Domain as your permanent email and Web address with our full email AND web forwarding service. EARN CASH - The QuickDomains Referral Programme lets you make money whilst you sleep! http://www.quickdomains.com/referral.cfm > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = [nn291] EDITORIAL Following the excesses of the recent seasonal celebrations, Free Pint is once again stuffed full of goodies. We start the unintentional overindulgence with a look at cookies ... did you know you could be consuming cookies whilst surfing the Web and not even realise it?! Another problem with Christmas is of course empty wallets and purses. Our Feature Article this issue tells you how to avoid unintentionally losing more money by getting into trouble linking to other people's sites ... were you aware you could be contravening copyright? The Feedback section is also bursting with new sites, answers to previous questions and some new requests for assistance. "Suggested New Year's Resolution: Tell more people about Free Pint" What more can I say ... Free Pint is free and all we ask is that you help us to spread the word by forwarding this copy to someone who you think may find it useful. We'll even send them a note for you: http://www.freepint.co.uk/reco.htm May I now invite you to read and enjoy your twenty ninth Free Pint! Kind regards, William William Hann MIInfSc, Managing Editor e: william@freepint.co.uk t: +44 (0)1784 455435 f: +44 (0)1784 455436 > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = >>> ADVERTISE HERE <<< Reach the desks of 18,500 regular users of Web resources at work Full details at http://www.freepint.co.uk/advert.htm > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = TIPS AND TECHNIQUES "Nothing to do with Biscuits: understanding 'cookies' on the Web" by Jonathan Eaton You won't normally see them when you're connected to the Internet and happily surfing away - but they will slip unnoticed into files on your hard disk, and your Web browser will probably never warn you of what's going on. Just what are these silent invaders - stealthy computer viruses, or simply bits of cyberspace refuse? "They" are in fact small textual messages called "cookies", sent by Web servers to browsers in response to a request for an HTML document, and, because browsers are by default configured to accept cookies automatically, few Internet users will ever notice them. This article will examine the purposes behind the use of cookies, explain why they have become necessary, and show how they can help (as well as possibly complicate) our use of the Web. Browsers that support cookies accept a string of ASCII characters from a Web server and store the "cookie" in a file on the user's computer. Cookies thus save information relating to the user's interaction with the originating Web server, typically associating its URL with some related value or identifier. Subsequent requests for the same URL cause the cookie data to be sent to the remote server with which it was associated. A Web server's use of cookies, however, is not mandatory but instead is entirely the choice of its designer or manager. Cookies were introduced to overcome one of the basic characteristics (some would say "weaknesses") of the Web: there is no inherent connection continuity or "state" between a Web server and the client browser. This contrasts with the older style of computing that creates a "session" between a terminal and a remote computer (like "Classic" character-based Dialog or DataStar online services, for example). The session generates a history of commands, their associated output, and preferences that can be reviewed and re-run, and lasts until the user ends it. If you've ever wondered why many Web- based search services force you to resubmit your entire search each time you want to modify only part of it, then here's the main reason - "statelessness". Here's a (slightly truncated) cookie entry set by the BBC's site at http://www.beeb.com/ as recorded by Internet Explorer 4: BEEB_ID 10002983131827324596 beeb.com/02654980480 Not very enlightening, is it? The main point to note is the presence of a unique identification code associated with the Web address - which might, for example, be used as an index key to a user's registration details held on the server. Imagine you have entered a Web-based online service, such as a bookshop, that works on the basis of adding items to an electronic "basket". As in a real shop, you put items for purchase in the basket and finally take them to the till for payment. To make this work, the server your browser interacts with must track your movements and record your selections, since you will typically need to request several different HTML pages during your shopping trip. In this case, one or more cookies will be set to store the data; when you fill in your credit card details to pay, all your selections are thus passed to the server. This use of cookies to provide a transaction or command log is not confined to electronic commerce. Web sites that offer searchable databases may use cookies to record the user's preferences and options, such as the wish to restrict searching to the past three years every time the database is accessed, for example. Or, in a bulletin-board system, a cookie will record you have "read all messages", so on the next visit you see only new mail. How can you tell if a Web site is setting cookies? Most browsers have options to control handling of cookies; these include acceptance without warning, warning before acceptance, or unconditional rejection. In Internet Explorer 4, select Internet Options from the View menu. Click the "Advanced" tab and scroll down to the Section headed "Security". The sub-section "Cookies" lists the options. In Netscape Communicator 4, choose Preferences from the Edit Menu, then Click on the "Advanced" option. Two cautionary notes: if you choose to reject all cookies, then some Web services will warn you that they will not function; if you opt to accept but notify each time one is set, then you will very quickly tire of clicking "OK" and your productivity will slump! For some Web sites wish to set up to thirty cookies when asked for their home pages; others may only require three. Cookies can have other uses besides helping manage the problems associated with the need to provide a customised interface and content delivery. Many Web sites that offer some form of proprietary content require an initial registration procedure, involving sending some basic personal details to the desired service via a Web form. In some cases this involves the user having to choose their own username and password, or use one the provider has supplied. Cookies may be used to record a successful login attempt and often to support the option to "remember" who you are, thus suppressing the normal login prompt the next time you return to the site. Good practice here on the part of the site designer is to encrypt the user id and password entry stored in the cookie file to secure it from prying eyes. Cookies have their problems, however. Since they are linked to the browser on the PC that accepted them, cookies cannot travel seamlessly with you as you move between computers in different locations. If someone else uses your PC to access a registration- protected site, they will become "you" if cookies are used for access control. If your cookies files become corrupted or are lost, then with them may disappear some of your personal Web service preferences and access rights. They contain mysterious data values relevant only to those responsible for creating them. For some Web users, cookies represent a sinister potential loss of control and possibly of anonymity - you can't tell precisely what purpose they serve, or whether their contents may be passed to another party. But until somebody invents something better, the cookie will remain with us as an invisible accompaniment to our Web explorations. > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (The author writes in a personal capacity) Jonathan Eaton is Electronic Resources Manager at London Business School Library, responsible for a wide range of networked services, including bibliographic, full-text, historical and real-time financial databases. He has previously worked as an information broker for HERTIS Information & Research and for London Business School's Information Service. He is a member of the project team for the eLib Hybrid Libraries Phase III-funded Project HeadLine; speaks frequently on electronic information resources management issues, and also writes regular columns for "Managing Information" and "Information World Review". > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = *** Email list hosting from Willco *** "Want to run your own email newsletter or discussion list?" Trust the publishers of Free Pint to host your email list on their high speed servers. Full details at http://www.willco.co.uk/ > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = [wc292] >>> How many people have YOU told about Free Pint? <<< Please help us spread the word to your colleagues and friends Why not forward this copy to them or visit ... http://www.freepint.co.uk/reco.htm > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = FEATURE ARTICLE "Internet, copyright and linking" by Charles Oppenheim The basic principles regarding the Internet and copyright are, contrary to some commentators' views, very clear. The Internet is NOT a territory where no law applies, or where it is difficult to draw the line between legal and illegal actions. The same basic principles - that anything original automatically obtains copyright protection, and that infringement occurs when someone copies all or a substantial part of that material without permission - apply as for more traditional media. Where there are problems are in what is, or is not considered to be "fair dealing" in the Internet environment, and deciding who is to blame for the infringement. In the former case, valuable work is under way between the Joint Information Systems Committee of the Higher Education Funding Councils of the UK and the Publishers Association, the trade association for UK publishers, establishing agreed ground rules for what is considered to be fair dealing in the Internet environment. Interested readers are advised to inspect the rules at: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/pa/fair/intro.html On the latter issue, the general principle that applies is easily explained. A third party will be liable for illegality (whether it is copyright infringement, defamation, race hate material, pornography or whatever) on the Internet as long as two things apply. The first is that the third party knew, or had good reason to know, that something illegal was going on. The second is that the third party could control what was being put on. The third party could be an employer, an Internet Service provider, a portal, a subject gateway, an electronic publisher, etc. In addition, the originator of the illegality (a student, an author, etc.) is always liable, but if he or she is (say) a student, the legal action is more likely to be targeted at the third party as it is likely to have more cash to pay in damages. To my mind, the most interesting copyright aspect relates to linking. There have been many cases of unwanted linking to pages. An interesting (possibly apocryphal) case was where the parents of a dead girl had created an "in memorial" Web site to her memory, only to find that there was unwanted linking to the page which had a photograph of the girl from an Internet service entitled "Babe of the Week". In the best known case, the Shetland Times case, when a user at the Shetland News website clicked on certain headlines, the user was sent to the website of the Shetland Times, where the entire article was displayed. The Times claimed that this link violated their copyright in their headlines and misled users into thinking the articles were part of the News, when in fact they were written by Times correspondents. The parties settled the case out of court by agreeing that: each link to an individual story included the legend "A Shetland Times Story"; the Shetland Times masthead logo appeared on a button next to each headline; and the legend and the button linked to the Shetland Times Online headline page. A US case, the TotalNews case, concerned the use of frames to enclose someone else's Web material inside your frames to make it look as if you had created it. This too was settled out of Court. TotalNews, an aggregator of web news sources, employed frame technology to display news sites from around the Web. When a user clicked on the news source, the content from that news source appeared in a frame. It was surrounded, however, by TotalNews's URL, logo, and banner advertisements. Six content providers - CNN, Time-Warner, Reuters, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and the LA Times - sued, claiming that such framing was "the Internet equivalent of pirating copyrighted material." They also alleged misappropriation, trademark infringement and trademark dilution. The content providers presumably were concerned that it was not clear they were the originators of the news stories, and perhaps believed that advertising revenue would be diverted from them to TotalNews. TotalNews agreed that it would no longer: frame any of the plaintiffs' content; use any of the plaintiffs' trademarks or logos on their website; or intentionally link to any third party website that frames the plaintiffs' content or uses their trademarks. The plaintiffs in return granted a licence to TotalNews to link to their websites via hyperlinks consisting of the names of the linked sites in plain text, which could be highlighted. It is worth stressing that both these well known cases were settled out of court, and that therefore the decisions do not represent case law, but it is reasonable to draw some conclusions regarding sensible practice when linking. Many organisations would like to have their Web sites linked as frequently as possible to others', and would like their URLs to come top of the list after any Web search engine search. As a rule, simple linking is legal, but the use of frames to contain linked content should only be carried out with the express permission of the owner of the framed materials. Even if the link is legal, it is prudent to approach the owner of the linked URL if there is any likelihood that the link would violate any reasonable expectation of privacy or income. Consent, therefore, should be requested (and you should not link if the request is refused or if there is no answer) when: the link falsely implies an affiliation between sites (for example, "click here to reach our partners", and the link includes an organisation that is not a partner); the link uses the trademark or logo of the linked site (link by a company name rather than by using its trade marks); linking to a page other than a home page in circumvention of the linked site's preventive measures; the linked site requests or requires consent; the linking site diverts advertising revenue from the linked site; or the linking is likely to offend current norms of acceptable behaviour, such as the Babe of the Week example quoted earlier. What liability is there for the content on a linked site? For example, if you link to a site that includes illegal material, could you be liable? It may be best to post a disclaimer on your site that indicates that the links are for information only, and do not constitute an endorsement or approval of the material on the linked sites, but this is no guarantee of immunity if the linked site is blatantly illegal. Overall, my own view is that simply placing a link is no more an infringement than the library catalogue telling you it stocks a book is an invitation to you to photocopy it in its entirety. What is less safe is if you copy a title; you will probably get away with it, but there is a chance you could be sued and have to fight a case to prove the point. What is certainly unsafe is to copy over more than a title, or to surround someone else's WWW material with your frames. There are also Moral Rights issues raised by links. If you put in a link that lowers the originator's reputation, that may be derogatory treatment. So, if you took this text and added a link to a racist WWW site, I might sue. Further reading Read Andrew Charlesworth's "Legal issues on the Internet" in the Proceedings of the UKOLUG 20th Birthday Conference, edited by Chris Armstrong and Dick Hartley, ISBN 1-870254-11-2, or my "The Legal and Regulatory Environment for Electronic Information" (3rd edition) published by Infonortics, Tetbury, Wiltshire, ISBN 1-873699-53-0. Both books appeared in late 1998. > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Charles Oppenheim is Professor of Information Science at Loughborough University. Prior to that he had a varied career in academia and the electronic information industry. He is best known for his work on legal issues for the information professional, but his professional interests also cover topics such as citation studies, the value and impact of information, the electronic information industry, information policies and knowledge management. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Information Scientists and a Fellow of the Library Association. Like all ex-Infotainers, most of his hobbies are unpublishable, but he can reveal that he is an aficionado of T-shirts and sandals. > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = FREE PINT FACT A "Pint" (as relates to a measure of capacity for liquids) is 4546cc in Britain, but 3785cc in the US. Does this mean that "Free Pint" should be shortened when sent across the Atlantic? > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = FREE PINT FEEDBACK Subject index: * Email notification for TV programmes * Various interesting sites * Year 2000, Free Pint #27 * Two separate questions: Data Protection & Authority Figures * Public libraries using porn filters on the Web, Issue #28 * Web site promotion * Feedback on Free Pint > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subject: Email notification for TV programmes From: Various Date: January 1999 Original question ... "I'd love to see keyword specific e-mail notification for TV programmes. A few sites have promised to do keyword searches and the one that currently claims to does not work whenever I try it. Perhaps you could put this query to the Free Pint populace." Andrew Shuttleworth ... responses ... "Readers might like to know that the BBC has a service called TV Alert, which although not keyword indexed, does allow broad subject access to TV and radio programmes on the BBC to be delivered to you by email. It can be found at http://www.bbc.co.uk/education" Fiona O'Brien, BBC "The UK Realaudio Tuner at http://urn.nott.ac.uk/tuner is the only website giving a straightforward listing of UK radio stations and tv shows available on the Internet." Ian Maddox, Nottingham > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subject: Various interesting sites Date: January 1999 As you can imagine, we are constantly contacted with details of new and interesting Web sites. I'm afraid we can't review them all, but here are a selection of the most interesting ... Crayon http://www.crayon.net/ - personalisable news aggregation site. 'Create your own paper' style and choose from a variety of sources which provide headline feeds or choose your own custom sources Travelocity http://www.travelocity.co.uk - a homepage designed specifically for the British traveller, including last minute deals, packages, airport & destination guide, weather, theatre booking, etc. MSNBC News Alert http://www.msnbc.com/toolkit.asp - concentrates on U.S. news but also an excellent source of international news. The Help is located at http://www.msnbc.com/tools/newsalert/nahelp.asp and provides you a fairly good description of how the system works and what information you can obtain. FSEC http://www.financial-planning.uk.com - providing consumers with a free on-line financial services educational resource. NewsTrawler http://www.newstrawler.com/ - a parallel search engine that retrieves the summaries of articles from the archives of hundreds of online information sources around the world like newspapers, journals, magazines. Magazine Rack http://www.magazine-rack.com/ - features links to lots of online magazines, presented as a graphical, virtual magazine rack. Thank you to those who told us about the above sites, including Andrew Shuttleworth, Bob Scratch, Clive Sanderson, Ravi Srinivasan and James Hubbs > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subject: Year 2000, Free Pint #27 From: Alison Hicks, University of Sheffield Date: December 1998 In issue #27, you included a letter on the Year 2000 bug and I thought you might be interested to know that the Institute of Information Scientists are planning a seminar on this topic. The session will cover issues surrounding the Y2K bug and solutions for the information profession. It is to be held in London on the afternoon of January 22nd 1999 and full details are available by email to or telephone 0171 831 8003. > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subject: Two separate questions: Data Protection & Authority Figures From: Names withheld on request Date: Wednesday 6th January 1999 "I'm searching for information on the Data Protection Act 1998 and how it will affect the voluntary sector/charities. Can anyone point me in the right direction on the Internet?" "I would like to know who are the authority figures in the field of "Current Awareness Services", "Selective Information Dissemination" and "Push Technology". Could anyone help?" > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subject: Public libraries using porn filters on the Web, Issue #28 From: Various Date: December 1998 and January 1999 In Free Pint #28, Lance Housley (Reference Librarian, North Devon Library, UK) asked ... "Towards the end of November 98 ... there was a court judgement in Virginia, USA to the effect that it is illegal for an American public library to insist that people using its computers to access the Web MUST use a porn filter ... Does anyone know anything about this?" ... and we have had a number of responses ... "I have listed below two sites which I have followed for quite some time and find that they both are quite excellent for following up on any and all issues of legislation concerning the Internet: The Center for Democracy and Technology ..... http://www.cdt.org/ The Electronic Frontier Foundation .......... http://www.eff.org/ " Walter M. Littleton "Answer: See copious discussion on Web4Lib archive at http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Web4Lib/archive.html There is also a separate list FILT4LIB." Pam Davies, Edward Boyle Library, University of Leeds "The following items can be found at Edupage: VIRGINIA LIBRARY BARRED FROM SOFTWARE-FILTERING (Washington Post 24 Nov 98) LIBRARY REMOVES SOFTWARE FILTERS (Washington Post 3 Dec 98) If you go to the Edupage archives, you will find more articles on this case." http://webserv.educom.edu/edupage/edupage.html Stephanie Bianchi, NSF Library. > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subject: Web site promotion From: Various Date: January 1999 We continue to receive a horde of emails asking how to drive more traffic to Web sites and promote them effectively with the smallest budget. We have covered this in a number of past issues ... Web Site Promotion Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/121198.htm First Amongst Equals (Search Engine Placement) . . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/230798.htm Web Site Marketing - How do they do that? . . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/110698.htm The International Marketing Power of Domain Names . . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/020498.htm ... but here are some more suggestions ... "My Internet in Print Index lists over 160 Internet magazines and magazines with Internet columns available at: http://www.hw.ac.uk/libWWW/irn/inprint.html Announcing services can guarantee some hits, especially: Whatsnew.com ..... http://www.whatsnew.com/whatsnew/ What's New Too! .. http://newtoo.manifest.com/today.html The announcing newsgroups don't seem to be very effective nowadays." Roddy MacLeod, Senior Faculty Librarian, Heriot-Watt University "How do you attract visitors to your website with the smallest possible budget? Why, pose an interesting question to the thousands of subscribers to a high-quality free internet publication, of course!" Jenny Gristock - http://www.sussex.ac.uk/prpk1/index.html > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subject: Feedback on Free Pint From: Various Date: December 1998 and January 1999 "Whew ... I signed up for your newsletter and haven't looked back since. I am absolutely astonished. Very professional and very helpful, plenty of humour without losing the point(pint) ..." James van Etten - http://www.vanettenillusions.com/ "Let me truthfully say that yours is one of only three e-zine I make a point of reading as soon as it hits my mail box. Most I skim; some I deep-six at once, if they're in the middle of a herd of other stuff. Why? Free Pint feels as if it is written from the point of view of one professional to another. Too many e-zines talk down to to their readers as if they are dropping pearls of wisdom from the heavens --- when all they are dropping is clods of recycled pap, mixed in with tons of 'classifieds'." Mike Harris > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subject: Corrections in #28 From: Rex Cooke, Editor, Free Pint Date: Wednesday 6th January 1999 Thank you to those keen-eyed readers who spotted the (not so) intentional errors in issue #28: * "EEVL" is indeed the Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library available at http://www.eevl.ac.uk/ By the way, several enhancements are currently being introduced, including extra search functionality. Check it out. * "Dates From Hell" is at http://www.datesfromhell.com/dfh/index.htm About to launch an e-zine if you're interested * "There is a world market for maybe five computers." was indeed originally misjudged by Thomas Watson > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION, COMMENT OR REPLY? Let us know your feedback or favourite site by sending an email to the Free Pint team now to remembering to include your name, title and company or organisation. Please note, if you write to us we may publish your letter in whole or part for the interest of our subscribers unless you request otherwise at the time of writing. Please let us know if you wish your contact details to be withheld. > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Thank you for reading Free Pint. We hope you will forward this copy to colleagues, friends and journalists, or ask them to visit our Web site soon at http://www.freepint.co.uk/ See you in two weeks! Kind regards, William Hann, Managing Editor william@freepint.co.uk (c) Willco 1999 http://www.willco.co.uk/ > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = FREE PINT FORTHCOMING ARTICLES * Virtual Communities * Computer Assisted Journalism * Internet Detective Project * Animal Health * Ecology * [Provisional] > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = CONTACT INFORMATION William Hann MIInfSc, Managing Editor e: william@freepint.co.uk t: +44 (0)1784 455435 f: +44 (0)1784 455436 Rex Cooke FIInfSc FRSA, Editor e: rex@freepint.co.uk t: +44 (0)1784 455435 f: +44 (0)1784 455436 Jane, Administrator e: jane@freepint.co.uk Address (no stamp needed) Willco "Free Pint", FREEPOST (SEA3901), Staines Middlesex, TW18 3BR, United Kingdom Web - http://www.freepint.co.uk Advertising - ads@freepint.co.uk Subscriptions - subs@freepint.co.uk Letters & Comments - feedback@freepint.co.uk Latest Issue Autoresponder - auto@freepint.co.uk > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Free Pint (ISSN 1460-7239) is a free email newsletter for anyone who uses the Internet to get information for their work in any business or organisation. The newsletter is written by professionals who share how they find quality and reliable information on the Internet. To subscribe, unsubscribe, find details about contributing, advertising or to see past issues, please visit the Web site at http://www.freepint.co.uk/ or call +44 (0)1784 455 435. Please note: The newsletter is published by the information consultancy Willco (http://www.willco.co.uk/) providers of Internet consultancy, training and publishing services. The publishers will NEVER make the subscriber list available to any other company or organisation. The opinions, advice, products and services offered herein are the sole responsibility of the contributors. Whilst all reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the publication, the publishers cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions. This publication may be freely copied and/or distributed in its entirety. However, individual sections MAY NOT be copied and/or distributed without the prior written agreement of the publishers. Product names used in Free Pint are for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks of their respective owners. Free Pint disclaims any and all rights in those marks. All rights reserved. > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =