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Newsletter No. 144


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                             FreePint
         "Helping 62,000 people use the Web for their work"
                     http://www.freepint.com/

ISSN 1460-7239                              4th September 2003 No.144
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           ALTERNATIVE NEWSLETTER FORMATS AVAILABLE AT:
            <http://www.freepint.com/issues/040903.htm>

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                           IN THIS ISSUE
                           -------------

                             EDITORIAL

                       MY FAVOURITE TIPPLES
                           By Eric Oudyn

                           FREEPINT BAR
                    In Association with Factiva
                   a Dow Jones & Reuters Company

                               JOBS
                Senior Corporate Finance Researcher
                          Project Manager
             Temp Research Associate-Corporate Finance
               Senior Marketing Officer - STN Agency

                           TIPS ARTICLE
           "Searching Free Design Databases on the Web"
                        By Steve Van Dulken

                             BOOKSHELF
        "Web Project Management - Maintaining and Evolving
                 Successful Commercial Web Sites"
                    Reviewed by Richard Eskins

                          FEATURE ARTICLE
                   "Informing the Asylum Debate"
                       By Felicity Heyworth

               EVENTS, GOLD AND FORTHCOMING ARTICLES

                        CONTACT INFORMATION

             ONLINE VERSION WITH ACTIVATED HYPERLINKS
            <http://www.freepint.com/issues/040903.htm>

                      FULLY FORMATTED VERSION
            <http://www.freepint.com/issues/040903.pdf>


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                 >>ONLINE INFORMATION CONFERENCE<<
Super Early Bird Discounts until 19th Sept, so book your place asap!
              2-4 December 2003, Olympia, London, UK
  <http://www.online-information.co.uk/conferenceregistration.html>
Hear international leaders share insight, experience and often
controversial thinking on information management, content management,
searching, collaboration, digital libraries & info architecture
    <http://www.online-information.co.uk/ol03/conference.html>

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                     >>>  ABOUT FREEPINT  <<<

FreePint is an online network of information searchers. Members
receive this free newsletter twice a month: it is packed with tips
on finding quality and reliable business information on the Internet.

Joining is free at <http://www.freepint.com/> and provides access to
a substantial archive of articles, reviews, jobs & events, with
answers to research questions and networking at the FreePint Bar.

Please circulate this newsletter which is best read when printed out.
To receive a fully formatted version as an attachment or a brief
notification when it's online, visit <http://www.freepint.com/member>.

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                             EDITORIAL

When I started working for myself seven years ago, I remember looking
for gems of inspiration and advice in a range of sources, from
biographies to the business guides you find in airport bookshops.

I remember reading about an interview, held in the back of a stretch
limousine, with a powerful self-made, poodle-laden and fur-wearing
multi-millionairess. When asked what she liked most about working for
herself, she said that the best thing was the job security. The
interviewer apparently sniggered, to which the interviewee immediately
retorted that she wasn't likely to make herself redundant.

I was reminded of this story when reading our interview with
independent information professional Mary Ellen Bates which we've
published today. I'm not saying I think Mary Ellen is a poodle-laden
stretch-limo-using multi-millionairess - at least she hasn't struck me
as such the many times we've met. Just that Mary Ellen talks about
feeling like she has *more* job security as a result of becoming an
independent. I love her suggestion for creating an effective '10
second pitch' and her take on giving new things a try. I also agree
with her views on the opportunities open to information professionals
and how marketing and adding value are the keys to success. Perhaps we
could term a new phrase for this emerging breed of entrepreneurial
information professionals: perhaps they're "Infopreneurs"?

You can read the full text of our interview with Mary Ellen at:

         <http://www.freepint.com/portal/events/sla-2003/>

Whilst we're on the topic of jobs and job security, registered
charities now receive a 50% discount on vacancy listings in FreePint
Jobs <http://www.freepint.com/jobs>. We're actually in the throes of
moving all the FreePint Web services over to Willco's modular
community hosting system <http://www.willco.com/>. Please bear with us
over the next few days as it's no mean feat to map some 60,000
FreePint member records and 20,000 Bar postings to a database system
with a totally new structure.

ResourceShelf.com, Gary Price's daily newsletter for information
professionals, has received significant press coverage in the States.
Whilst DigBig.com, our free utility for shortening long URLs, has also
had an incredible take-up since its launch just two weeks ago. Why not
try it out for yourself at <http://www.DigBig.com>?

We really hope you find today's FreePint useful. Remember that the
formatted version contains photos of the authors and looks great when
printed out: <http://www.freepint.com/issues/040903.htm>.

All the best
William

William Hann BSc(Hons) MCLIP
Founder and Managing Editor, FreePint
Email: <william.hann@freepint.com>   Tel: +44 (0)1784 420044

Free Pint is a Registered Trademark of Free Pint Limited (R) 1997-2003

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       >>>  Copyright & the Internet: Myth and Reality  <<<
                        ISBN 1-904769-00-4

"I am the librarian and webmaster for my organisation and - while
trying not to be the 'copyright policeman' - do try to coach staff
in what they can and can't do. This report will be absolutely
invaluable!  If they can see it in print (and the jolly librarian
isn't making it up) then they might take notice!!"

       <http://www.freepint.com/shop/report/copyrightmyths>

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                       MY FAVOURITE TIPPLES
                           By Eric Oudyn

As a Medical Technologist I find the following five sites very useful:

* <http://www.freemedicaljournals.com> - This site gives you free
  access to over 990 Medical journals, many with full text. Some
  journals just have abstracts with full text on issues 1-2 years or
  older.

* <http://www.quackwatch.com> - 'Your Guide to Health Fraud, Quackery,
  and Intelligent Decisions', this is an excellent site for the
  consumer, especially in the area of alternative therapies.

* <http://www.emedicine.com/med/topiclist.htm> - This site is a must
  for medical personnel and contains a very comprehensive range of
  articles on medical conditions and syndromes. Substituting 'ped/'
  for 'med/' in the address above brings up an equally comprehensive
  list of paediatric conditions.

* <http://www.bmj.com> - The British Medical Journal. This is a top
  medical journal with free full-text articles. The journals are also
  archived back to 1994.

* And lastly, for your desktop, a free medical dictionary you are able
  to download from <http://www.medical-dictionary.ro/>. Pity it's US
  English and not the real thing!!!

Eric Oudyn commenced his career in Medical Laboratory Technology in
1964 and is currently employed at Medlab Hamilton as the manager of
the Haematology Department.

Submit your top five favourite Web sites. See the guidelines at
<http://www.freepint.com/author.htm>.

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       YOU'VE INVESTED IN CONTENT AND BUSINESS APPLICATIONS,
                 BUT ARE THEY WORKING HARD ENOUGH?

Factiva provides the tools and capabilities to build custom
information solutions for integration into your business applications.
With easy access to the right information in the right place you can
make informed business decisions, increasing organisational
productivity and reducing risk.

Visit <http://www.factiva.com/redirects/workflow/freepint>
for relevant white papers and case studies.

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                            FREEPINT BAR
                    In Association with Factiva
                   a Dow Jones & Reuters Company

If your desk is anything like mine then it has the ability to play
hide-and-seek with your calculator just at that crucial moment when you
need to be able to put your hand on it. Problem solved -- check out the
new Google Calculator which we've tested and think is great
<http://www.freepint.com/go/b25459>.

There have been lots of document management queries at the Bar
recently, both hard copy and digital documents. There are some
smashing tips on re-using material from PDFs
<http://www.freepint.com/go/b25300> and can you help someone
developing a database to store and index a few hundred PDFs
<http://www.freepint.com/go/b25396>?

Whilst a learning centre is being revamped, all the books are being
held in a sports hall. So can you help with security
<http://www.freepint.com/go/b25436>? Or do you have knowledge of
open-source software for library automation
<http://www.freepint.com/go/b25483>?

Finally, we're always calling on FreePinters to get involved with
information causes and here's two more chances for those in the UK:

* If you work with business information, then complete the latest
  survey from our friends at Business Information Review
  <http://www.freepint.com/go/b25469>.

* There's been shock at the announcement that Westminster City
  Council are closing "Information for Business" - if you have a view
  on this then make some noise soon <http://www.freepint.com/go/b25401>.

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The FreePint Bar is where you can get help with your tricky research
questions, for free! <http://www.freepint.com/bar>

Help with study for information-related courses is available at the
FreePint Student Bar <http://www.freepint.com/student>.

Twice-weekly email digests of the latest postings can be requested
at <http://www.freepint.com/member>.

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           >>INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION INDUSTRY AWARDS<<
     Hosted by Online Information and Information World Review.
    Made a valuable contribution to the information community? 
      SUBMIT YOUR NOMINATIONS online (closing date 3 October)
           <http://www.online-information.co.uk/awards>
Ceremony to take place at Royal Lancaster Hotel, London, 3 Dec 03
       Gala Dinner, Music, Entertainment and Celebrity Host!
TABLES GOING FAST! Reserve your place Today! Email lmills@imark.co.uk

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                           FREEPINT JOBS
                   <http://www.freepint.com/jobs>

FreePint Jobs -- the best place for information vacancies.

*  VACANCY SEARCHING -- Free search and set up a weekly alert profile.
*  VACANCY RECRUITING -- Complete the form and advertise a vacancy 
   for just GBP195 <http://www.freepint.com/jobs/submit/overview.php3>.

This week's selected listings are below. All new jobs are posted to
the Bar and Bar Digest (circulation 11,000+) and matched against the
1000+ live job seeker profiles. Last week's Bar 'new jobs' listing is
at <http://www.freepint.com/go/b25359> and this week's at
<http://www.freepint.com/go/b25471>.

Here are some of the latest featured jobs:

Senior Corporate Finance Researcher
  Maternity leave vacancy (initially 10 months) at high salary.
  Immediate start. 35 hour week.
  Recruiter: Glen Recruitment
  <http://www.freepint.com/go/j2633>

Project Manager
  Work in Coventry; Web site content mgt; Know the educational field?
  Know how to make web content attractive? Good pay.
  Recruiter: Sue Hill Recruitment
  <http://www.freepint.com/go/j2646>

Temp Research Associate-Corporate Finance
  Business Research supporting the Consumer & Industrial Products Group.
  Recruiter: City Professionals
  <http://www.freepint.com/go/j2651>

Senior Marketing Officer - STN Agency
  Responsible for providing support for customers of STN and be involved
  in forward planning of marketing activities.
  Recruiter: Royal Society of Chemistry
  <http://www.freepint.com/go/j2653>
  
[The above jobs are paid listings]

       Find out more today at <http://www.freepint.com/jobs>

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                    --- GLEN RECRUITMENT ---
Glen Recruitment is a leading independent Employment Consultancy
dealing in the recruitment of Information Specialists, Knowledge
Professionals, Business Analysts, Researchers and Librarians.
We provide both permanent and temporary staff at all levels from
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more exceptional and includes prestigious organisations of all sizes.
For more details call 020 7745 7245 email info@glenrecruitment.co.uk

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                            TIPS ARTICLE
         <http://www.freepint.com/issues/040903.htm#tips>
           "Searching Free Design Databases on the Web"
                        By Steve Van Dulken

There is a lot of advice on the Web about searching for patents, but
relatively little for another form of intellectual property, designs.
The word 'design' in intellectual property indicates a distinctive
look that has been deliberately given to an object, rather than any
functional aspect (which is covered by patents). Copyright is also
available as protection, but registered designs exist as an
alternative method.

As a general rule it can be said that copyright gives a right against
copying for the lifetime of the creator plus 70 years (in Europe and
the USA). Someone else who by chance creates something identical is in
the clear, as they have not copied it. In many countries it is
automatic, but in some a certain amount of registration is required.
Copyright can cover many forms of expression (films, books, art and so
on) and in some fields registered designs are available as well.
Registered designs provide protection for a shorter period of time,
such as 25 years in Britain, and (like patents) ensure that the
proprietor holds rights even if someone else independently thinks of
the same look. Old designs will act as 'prior art' to prevent others
from applying for newer designs, even in other countries, although
some important systems such as the British and the new Community
Design do not search for novelty (which extends to all similar
material, not just designs). "Des." or (mainly American usage) "D" may
be used with a number to indicate that a product has a registered
design associated with it.

An increasing number of free databases and official gazettes are
available on the Web, but the problem for many is knowing how to
search them properly. The topic is not as simple as it may seem and
the searching possibilities vary wildly from country to country. There
is also the difficulty of having to search many sources if checking
possible usage or registration across the world.


Classification Schemes
----------------------

The Locarno Classification 
<http://www.wipo.int/classifications/en/locarno/about/index.html> came
into being in 1968 to help those searching within particular subject
areas such as furniture, lighting or soft toys. It is used by most
European countries but is much less popular elsewhere: Canada, the
USA, Japan and Korea do not use it. The first class in it is 01/01 (or
01.01, or 01-01, depending on the database), which is for bakery and
confectionery products.

The British national database uses a more detailed version, so that
for example the same 01/01 is subdivided into nine subcategories such
as lollipops, /07. Similarly, Australia
<http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/adds2/adds.adds_simple_search.paint_simple_search>
uses more detailed classes in many subjects, e.g. 02-01a. There is a
link to definitions of these classification codes.

The USA uses its own design classification scheme as explained at 
<http://www.uspto.gov/go/classification/> (which includes a concordance
to Locarno). They are numbered in the format D1/116, which is for ice
cream cones. The classification is often much more detailed than
Locarno.


International Registration Systems
----------------------------------

Every industrialised country will have its own system of registration
to provide protection in that country, but there are also
international systems. The British Library lists numerous databases
and gazettes at
<http://www.bl.uk/services/information/patents/deslinks.html>.
Generally, databases will have, as a minimum, those designs which are
still in force, and often those which are pending registration (i.e.
roughly 20 to 25 years' worth).

The Hague scheme has been around since 1925 and permits citizens or
residents of member states to make a single registration with effect
in designated member states. At present these are largely continental
European countries. The 1934 Act registrations merely listed the
designs and did not show what they actually looked like. Their numbers
have reached to just below 77,000. The 1960 Act registrations are now
much more common, and do give a drawing, and are numbered in the
format DM/63247. Many, seeing such a citation, take them for patents.
The database for registrations of either variety from January 1999
onwards is at <http://www.wipo.int/hague/en/hague_express.htm>.
They can be searched by English or French title words, by the
proprietor or by Locarno classification. Britain is intending to
join the scheme.

From the 1 April 2003, it has been possible to apply for a Community
Design at the OHIM office in Alicante. This is a unitary right for the
entire EU. At the time of writing a gazette containing registrations
but not a database was available at its
<http://oami.eu.int/en/design/default.htm> site. It will never be
printed on paper. It is intended to provide a database. In the
meantime, the same URL offers a "Bulletin quick search" so that a
single word such as 'toy' or the Locarno class 01-01 can be
searched in the archive, with a list of images of the design being
offered as a result. This is much faster than looking at the PDFs of
each issue, as they take ages to load.

The third international system is the Benelux, used since 1975 for the
Low Countries in place of their national systems. At present they do
not have a Web database or gazette.


National Systems
----------------

The British designs database is at <http://webdb1.patent.gov.uk/>. It
can be searched by the number, by enhanced Locarno, proprietor, or by
a combination of Locarno and proprietor. The USPTO likes its ability
to display 32 (or on request up to 128) images at once that it is
routinely used in its design searches.

France provides for free the current fortnightly gazette at 
<http://dm.inpi.fr/inpidm/>. There is no free database but there are
priced databases such as a Questel.Orbit offering.

A cause of confusion is when Germans talk in English of "designs" when
they mean Gebrauchsmuster (utility patent, a simpler type of invention
than a patent) and not Geschmacksmuster (a design). They have a site
which requires free registration,
, which is searchable only by
name, place or design number. It also offers status information.

Japan has a priced database, Patolis, at
<http://patolis-e.patolis.co.jp/>, which has data from 1965.

The USA has had "design patents" since 1842, and they are available on
its official database <http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html>. They
can be searched by class or number before 1976 and since then by other
data elements -- including, uniquely, search reports. This means that
earlier (or later) design patents can be traced by following the
hypertext links. However, their own, free software must be loaded from
the Help key to see the actual images. Designs can be singled out with
the code apt/4 on the "advanced" search. The last few years of US
designs are now on the Esp@cenet database <http://ep.espacenet.com/>,
worldwide option, where they can be searched for in the publication
number field as USS specifications, while DepatisNet on
 already has all of them (as "S" coded
documents). These databases both use Adobe Acrobat.

Free design databases for litigation plus official manuals and some
laws are listed at the British Library's
<http://www.bl.uk/services/information/patents/deslinks.html#laws>
site.


Future Changes?
---------------

Designs unfortunately have a Cinderella image as the least
sought-after of the trinity of patents, trade marks and designs. This
may be partly due to the lack of a "Derwent for designs" where a
single database allows searching for prior art across many
authorities. As in patents, evidence of prior registration in another
country will normally prevent registration. One reason for the absence
of such a database may be the problem of sorting registrations for the
same design in different countries into "families". Although claiming
six months' priority is permitted, it is rarely claimed, and some
(like the British) do not even record it in their publications. Other
problems are the fact that some countries do not use Locarno, while
titles will of course be in the local language. Even so, such a
database would be very useful and would encourage greater use of
designs.

In March 2002, the European Community Design Regulation came into force
in EU countries. A highly simplistic summary means that the
registration of a design will cover all articles to which that design
is applied. Hence a cartoon character could be used in many kinds of
objects. This is likely to make use of the Locarno Classification
awkward in the future, and may stimulate research into ways of
computer searching the look itself. The scope of what can be protected
is also being extended, and will include for example graphic designs.

An unregistered Community Design with three year terms has also been
introduced, which by definition cannot be searched for. It is
anticipated that it will be used mostly for quickly changing designs
such as clothing. More information on these changes can be found on
for example the Vossius site
<http://www.vossiusandpartner.com/eng/flash/design.html>. The text
itself of the Regulation is at
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/indprop/design/01-1803.htm>.

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Steve van Dulken has been working as an information expert,
specialising in patents, designs and trade marks, in the British
Library in London since 1987. He is the author of several books
including 'Introduction to Patents Information', 'Inventing the 19th
Century', 'Inventing the 20th Century' and a book coming out in the
Autumn about inventions and the American Dream. The British Library
itself contains the national collection of patents from over 40
countries as well as huge collections of books, journals, reports and
conference proceedings in science and technology. Its intellectual
property web site is <http://www.bl.uk/patents>.

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Related FreePint links:

* 'Intellectual Property' articles in the FreePint Portal
  <http://www.freepint.com/go/p143>
* Post a message to the author, Steve van Dulken, or suggest further
  resources at the FreePint Bar <http://www.freepint.com/bar>
* Read this article online, with activated hyperlinks
  <http://www.freepint.com/issues/040903.htm#feature>
* Access the entire archive of FreePint content
  <http://www.freepint.com/portal/content/>

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                    What is the ResourceShelf?
                   <http://www.resourceshelf.com>

ResourceShelf is a free daily update containing news of interest
to information professionals around the world.

Topics include the latest news with web search engines, research
tips, new web resources, and much more.

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        >>>  DigBig.com -- Long URLs shortened. Simple. <<<

           Long URLs are often broken in emails and are
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     Use the free DigBig service to shorten long URLs. Simple.

                      <http://www.DigBig.com>

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                         FREEPINT BOOKSHELF
                <http://www.freepint.com/bookshelf>
        "Web Project Management - Maintaining and Evolving
                 Successful Commercial Web Sites"
                   Written by Ashley Friedlein
                    Reviewed by Richard Eskins

I was quick to volunteer to review Ashley Friedlein's 'Maintaining and
Evolving Successful Commercial Web Site' as the title held promise for
some interesting reading. As I teach web design with a strong focus on
the site development process I also thought that it may be a potential
reading list candidate!

For someone who grew up reading comics rather than novels, Ashley's
book, coming in at around 400 pages, was just about manageable. The
first commendation is that it manages throughout to remain clear and
concise on a variety of quite complex issues. Broken up into four
clear sections including Change Management, Content Management,
Customer Relationship Management and Site Measurement, it preaches
practical, common-sense solutions.

In Part One, on Change Management (CM), you get a breakdown of the
processes and practices that all but the very smallest web sites can
follow to effectively maintain an evolving site. This provides some
very practical theory that we may not all be able to practice, but
gives us a standard at which to aim. It does however become clear that
many web sites may never need to move beyond this stage if they get CM
right.

Under Content Management, a series of excellent descriptions make it
easy to identify where your own site sits. These describe the
evolution of a site towards a Content Management System (CMS),
starting with the 'webmaster phase', then the 'database phase' and
finally reaching full CMS. The section breaks down the whole process
of moving to CMS including nine excellent pages that would provide
anyone about to purchase a CMS with most of the selection criteria
they would ever need.

Part Three focuses on Customer Relationship Management (CRM). I've
always tried to get my students to focus on their users, now I have a
name for it! The focus is on who the current users are and how they
are served. I'm always amazed at how many web sites still hide their
contact details or insist on the telephone as the point of contact
rather than email!

For someone who has consistently failed to get to grips with log files
and analysers, Part Four on Site Measurement is enlightening. This
part gives details on what should be measured and analysed because, as
Ashley rightly points out, 'any reporting that cannot be analysed to
come up with actions has little value'.

Like all other parts, this section is enhanced by a number of well
written case studies, although there are shades of a mad professor in
a DeLorean sports car caused by a typo in the Autoglass study which
states that they implemented their 'first Web measurement solution in
1898'!

I always use the daft phrase that 'a website is for life' when people
ask for my advice at the start of a project. We all learn quickly that
once up and running, a site can take over. Ashley provides us with the
tools to tame the beast and to ensure it develops and (hopefully)
succeeds as a commercial entity.

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Richard Eskins lectures in web design on the undergraduate programme 
in The Department of Information and Communications at Manchester 
Metropolitan University. Routes on the programme include Web Content
Management, Information Management, Information and Communications,
Information Architecture and Information and Library Management
<http://www.mmu.ac.uk/h-ss/dic/>.

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           >>>  FreePint Interviews Mary Ellen Bates  <<<

                 Read the views of this respected
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                           FEATURE ARTICLE
         <http://www.freepint.com/issues/040903.htm#feature>
                   "Informing the Asylum Debate"
                       By Felicity Heyworth

You will probably have noticed that the issue of asylum in the UK is a
controversial one at the moment. Opinions about the right to refuge,
the costs of offering it and its implementation are heated and
divided. These tensions are further exacerbated by the fact that the
information that informs, encourages or contradicts them is itself
often controversial, contradictory, incomplete or overwhelming. But
this is not to suggest that the asylum sector from which this
information emanates is in disarray. On the contrary, it is an active,
productive and reflective sector full of examples of innovation,
rigour and candour. But it is also a large sector that covers a myriad
of disciplines, has innumerable policy influences and impacts, and is
geographically disparate.


Definitions and Contextual Information
--------------------------------------

The terms 'asylum seeker' and 'refugee' are often used
interchangeably, which can introduce confusion and inaccuracies. An
asylum seeker is a person who has applied for asylum or refugee
status, but whose application has not yet been decided. A refugee is a
person who has been granted permission to stay under the terms of the
1951 Convention or because of other protection needs. The 1951
Convention and the accompanying 1967 Protocol 
<http://www.unhcr.ch/1951convention/> are the documents that regulate
the legal status of refugees and the obligations of their signatories
at an international level - 145 states have signed the Convention
and/or the Protocol and they are the primary instruments against
which asylum claims are weighed.

The asylum process in the UK can be divided into two main stages:
First, an asylum application is made and processed. Then, if it is
successful, the newly arrived refugee is 'integrated into UK society'
and becomes eligible for citizenship after five years. The first stage
has many elements, and might include the provision of state support,
access to legal advice, detention, one or several appeals, dispersal
to a region outside south-east England, and removal or return to one's
country of origin. If the application is granted and the second stage
comes into play, it can include efforts to access and become involved
with cultural activities, English language provision, employment
opportunities, permanent housing arrangements, and educational and
health services. The Home Office website is a good starting point for
information about both asylum
<http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/default.asp?pageid=15> and
integration and citizenship
<http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/default.asp?pageid=90>.

The experience of identifying and tracking information on UK asylum
and refugee issues is complicated by the very fluid and fast-changing
international political setting in which these issues are examined and
applied. Even when working solely within the UK setting, one must be
aware of other types of migration (environmental, economic and
illegal, for instance), the migration policies of other receiving
countries, and the causes of flight in countries of origin.

But let's limit ourselves to the UK. Asylum policies and procedures
are managed and implemented by the Home Office, but many other players
make up the sector as a whole. Information about asylum seekers and
refugees flows in to and out from four 'pillars of knowledge':
academic research; refugee agencies; government policy and research
departments; and the experience of asylum seekers and refugees
themselves.


Academic Information
--------------------

The academic study of asylum and refugees involves many disciplines,
including statistics, sociology, law, anthropology, geography,
psychology, international relations, political science, development
studies, history, economics, and education. But contrary to
stereotypes about a gap between academic research and wider policy and
community concerns, many academics with an interest in refugee issues
are actively involved in disseminating their findings to a wide
audience and are keen to contribute to and inform policy and practice
through their research. They do this by evaluating or contributing to
projects, investigating a particular topic or group in order to inform
more tailored policy or advocacy, and forming research partnerships
with practitioner organisations and policy makers. The innovative
dissemination of their findings through conference participation,
electronic publication, and repackaging for specific audiences further
contributes to their efforts to participate in debates and discussions
outside the hallowed halls.

Academic research is commissioned and/or funded by several UK and EU
government departments, voluntary sector organisations and charitable
trusts. For a description of UK-based academic departments in this
area and those they conduct research for, visit
<http://www.icar.org.uk/content/res/rch/refresacad.html>.


Refugee Agencies
----------------

'Refugee agencies' is shorthand for the many voluntary sector and
non-government organisations operating around the UK that provide
practical support for asylum seekers and refugees, advocate on their
behalf, and implement many of the day-to-day systems that regulate the
asylum and integration processes. These agencies provide legal advice,
locate emergency and temporary housing, brief newly arrived asylum
seekers on their rights and responsibilities, and guide them to
health, educational and community services. They also conduct
research. A core team of six national agencies and several refugee
community organizations (RCOs) also administer the Home Office's
National Asylum Support Service
<http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/default.asp?pageid=89>, which came
into effect as a result of the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act
<http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1999/19990033.htm> and which provides
support and accommodation to destitute asylum seekers in dispersal
areas outside the south-east of England, which was felt to be carrying
an unfair share of the financial and administrative responsibilities
of new arrivals
<http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/infocentre/entit/sentit002.htm>.
This practice is coordinated by regional consortia, which form
umbrella groups of all the voluntary sector organizations, local
authority and statutory agencies, and private housing providers
involved in the day-to-day lives of asylum seekers dispersed to their
region (see for example <http://www.refugeeaccess.info>).

The interaction of these consortia and refugee agencies with asylum
seekers and refugees is an invaluable source of information about the
number, background, needs, and views of this section of the population
that can sometimes prove hard to access. Most agencies record their
meetings with individual claimants or refugees, resulting in a client
profile containing demographic data, skills and qualifications
information, health status, and insight into conditions in their
country of origin.

But for several and often obvious reasons, this information is not
widely available. The agencies involved do not have the time to
process and repackage it, or to fully research and implement the
protection mechanisms arising from the publication of personal
information. But the sector is becoming increasingly aware of the
potential of this information and of the impact it might have on
research, advocacy and policy work, and ways of sharing and using the
data in safe and anonymous ways are being explored.


Government Research and Policy Departments
------------------------------------------

Asylum falls within the remit of the Home Office's Immigration and
Nationality Directorate <http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk> Here you
will find information not only on asylum, but on related matters of
immigration, visas and work permits, and citizenship. Asylum claims
are informed by what is known about the situation in the claimant's
country of origin, information which is provided by IND's Country of
Origin and Policy Unit <http://194.203.40.90/default.asp?PageId=88>
and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office <http://digbig.com/3bqx>.

But administration is the implementation of policy, and this policy is
increasingly informed by research. In an effort to build a sound
knowledge base and convincing pool of evidence, the Home Office
commissions and conducts research as outlined above, but is also
influenced by related research in other government departments, such
as the Department for Education and Skills, the Department of Health,
and the Department for International Development. For a complete list
and brief description of the government departments involved in asylum
research visit <http://www.icar.org.uk/content/res/rch/refresgove.html>.


The Experience of Asylum Seekers and Refugees
---------------------------------------------

Of course all of this research, policy and practice must be based on,
and reactive to, the experiences of those it hopes to manage and help:
the asylum seekers and refugees themselves. Gathering their stories
can be difficult - there can be language barriers, and they have many
reasons for not wanting to differentiate themselves or revisit their
often traumatic past. Their information can also be hard to elucidate
as much of it is held by RCOs, which are usually underfunded and
without Internet presence of any kind. RCOs are formed by and serve
individual refugee populations, and have had a hard time tapping in to
the wider service arena. But their value as sources of rich and
detailed information is being recognised, and contact between them and
other service providers is growing. The release on CD-ROM of the
Refugee Council's national directory to voluntary agencies and RCOs
(RADAR - see
<http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/publications/pub005.htm>) has
contributed greatly to communications amongst and between these
organizations.

Oral history projects and 'real life' web features are also impacting
on the volume of information available in this area. See for example
Migrating Memories <http://www.migratingmemories.net>, the Vietnamese
Oral History Project
<http://www.refugee-action.org/viet_oralhistory.asp>, the Voices of
Victims Archive <http://www.holocaustcentre.net>, and the real lives
links at <http://www.icar.org.uk/content/res/reallive.html>


The Role of the Internet
------------------------

As in all sectors, the role of the Internet in coordinating and
diversifying the work of the asylum and refugee sector has been
enormous. Many of the players in the 'four pillars' discussed above
maintain websites containing substantial background and up-to-date
information about their activities. There are also numerous
information portals, which aim to compile and organize all available
information on a specific area of the sector and serve as first- or
one-stop shops. For instance, information on international forced
migration is available from Forced Migration Online
<http://www.forcedmigration.org/>, and the health and mental health of
asylum seekers and refugees in the UK is the focus of Harpweb 
<http://www.harpweb.org.uk/>.

In a sector where policy changes are frequent and media and public
interest is constant, the immediacy of email listservs and
distribution lists is invaluable. These vary in form and content,
offering a huge array of information on subjects like refugee
education <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/refed/>, female asylum
seekers and refugees
<http://www.asylumaid.org.uk/RWRP/women's%20asylum%20news%204%202003.htm>,
international forced migration
<http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/forced-migration.html>,
deportation <http://www.ncadc.org.uk/>, health
<http://www.doh.gov.uk/asylumseekers/newsletters.htm>, and media
coverage <http://www.asylumsupport.info/newsletter.htm> and
<http://www.cis.org/immigrationnews.html>. Other email services
provide summaries of the activities of particular organizations,
which can alert the subscriber to interesting research, conferences
and possible collaborations and quickly update busy people about the
priorities and concerns of their colleagues.

As I hope the above has outlined, the asylum and refugee sector is
simultaneously disparate and intertwined. But it would appear that it
is in a slow but constant shift from the former to the latter.
Information is always most powerful when it is varied, voluminous and
attributable, and the initiatives and attempts to share and widely
disseminate existing knowledge are to be welcomed.

> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Felicity Heyworth is the Information Manager of The Information Centre
about Asylum and Refugees in the UK (ICAR). ICAR is the only
independent centre set up to collect, record, compile and disseminate
up to date, comprehensive and academically credible information about
refugees and asylum seekers in the UK. It aims to raise the level of
public debate and to promote better understanding of the issues. It is
based within the School of Social Science and Public Policy at King's
College London <http://www.icar.org.uk>.

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